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Highest-ranking Xia Dynasty noble tombs discovered in China, dating to the age of Minoan Crete_我的网站

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A | 　　讯最高人民法院8月12日发布7件商业特许经营典型案例，引导和规范经营主体诚信合规经营，促进特许经营健康有序发展。

Coffin chamber M13 Photo: Courtesy of the Shanxi Provincial Institute of ArchaeologyThe highest-ranking noble cemetery complex from the late Xia Dynasty (c.2070BC-c.1600BC) ever discovered has been unearthed at the Zhongcun site in North China's Shanxi Province, expanding research on Xia and Shang (c.1600BC-1046BC) civilizations and early state formation in ancient China, according to a press release that the local institute of archaeology sent to the Global Times on Monday.
Located on a hilly terrace west of the Taihang Mountains and flanked by the Songxi River, the site was excavated in 2024 and 2025 by the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and partner institutions, leading to the discovery of 18 tombs, including six Xia Dynasty burial sites and 12 Warring States Period (475BC-221BC) graves.
"These are the highest-ranking Xia aristocratic tombs discovered so far, indicating that this location was a regional center," the institute said.
The Xia Dynasty is traditionally regarded as China's first hereditary dynasty, though contemporaneous written records are lacking.
The well-organized Xia tombs, concentrated in the western part of the cemetery, feature uniform east-west oriented vertical earthen pits. Researchers recovered nearly 40 sets of artifacts with distinctive local cultural characteristics, including pottery, lacquerware and turquoise ornaments.
Extended regional surveys across the Songxi River valley yielded more than 10 Xia and Shang period sites. Test excavations at nearby relic sites unearthed pottery fragments, stone tools, bronze knives, as well as tin-bronze ingots and smelting residue, providing solid evidence of early metal mining and craftsmanship.
Local copper-iron symbiotic ore deposits confirm exploitation of these resources during the Xia and Shang eras, while typical cultural artifacts found in adjacent counties reveal widespread regional cultural exchange.
Multidisciplinary analyses further decoded the civilization's features. Ancient human remains belong primarily to the ancient population of the Central Plains with minor Mongolian Plateau genetic traits, forming a stable patrilineal clan. The community relied on millet farming and maintained long-distance resource trade networks.
Artifact provenance tests trace scallop shell ornaments to the Bohai Sea, cinnabar to Hunan-Guizhou ore belts, turquoise to the eastern Qinling Mountains area, and coffin timber to local Taihang pine trees. Such diverse materials reflect close interaction among the Taihang foothills, the press release noted.
Lab restoration unveiled refined ritual relics, including a dragon-patterned lacquer cylinder with red and black stripes and an intact lacquer gu vessel (a type of wine vessel). Turquoise plaques from the site match specimens from the Erlitou site, a core Xia cultural relic, proving cross-regional cultural interaction. Radiocarbon dating places the site's active period between 1880BC and 1450BC, aligning with the late Xia Dynasty.
Scholars confirmed the findings have helped reshape academic understanding of Xia-Shang civilizations and reconstruct multi-level settlement patterns on the western Taihang foothills, while offering new insights into social complexity and civilization development in early China.
。　　商业特许经营（以下称特许经营）俗称“加盟连锁”，是指拥有注册商标、企业标志、专利、专有技术等经营资源的企业（以下称特许人），以合同形式将其拥有的经营资源许可其他经营者（以下称被特许人）使用，被特许人在统一的经营模式下开展经营并支付费用的经营活动，常见于餐饮、零售、酒店、教育培训、快递物流、美容美发等民生领域。从司法实践看，特许人夸大宣传、盲目扩张，被特许人忽视风险、跟风投资等问题一定程度存在，矛盾纠纷日益增多。　　最高人民法院发布的这批案例具有以下特点：　　一是准确认定特许经营法律关系。

B | 特许人为规避《商业特许经营管理条例》的适用，经常将特许经营合同拆分为数份合同或包装为其他类型合同。案例一中，人民法院穿透合同外在形式，审查当事人之间的权利义务关系是否符合特许经营的法律特征，依法认定当事人之间成立特许经营合同关系，为特许经营合同性质的认定提供了明确指引。

C | 　　二是依法保障被特许人合法权益。在特许经营活动中，特许人与被特许人信息不对称、签约能力不对等，被特许人处于相对弱势地位，容易发生权利义务失衡。案例二中，虽然涉案合同未明确约定被特许人在特许经营合同订立后一定期限内可以单方解除合同（俗称“冷静期”条款），但人民法院明确被特许人享有的“冷静期”单方解除权属于法定权利，被特许人可以在经营资源尚未被实际利用的合理期限内依法行使。案例五中，特许人在合同履行期间被撤销备案资格，履约能力明显弱化，人民法院依法支持了被特许人解除合同的诉请。　　三是督促特许人全面履行法定义务。特许人开展经营活动应当遵守《中华人民共和国民法典》《商业特许经营管理条例》等法律规范。案例三中，特许人系个体工商户而非企业主体，不具备特许人法定资格，人民法院认定其作为特许人签订的特许经营合同无效，有助于遏制无资质主体违规开展加盟活动。案例四中，特许人进行虚假宣传使被特许人产生错误判断，人民法院认定特许人的行为构成欺诈，依法撤销涉案合同，对“套路加盟”行为进行有效规制。　　四是严厉打击特许经营领域违法犯罪行为。对于特许人存在传销、诈骗、违规营销等违法行为，充分运用行政执法、刑事司法手段，强化特许经营领域综合治理。案例六中，特许人在不具备“两店一年”条件的情况下违规开展特许经营活动，被商务主管部门予以行政处罚，人民法院依法认定行政行为符合法律规定。

D | 案例七中，被告人在不具备特许经营资质及特许经营资源的情况下，诱骗被害人签订加盟合同、骗取加盟费，人民法院认定被告人构成合同诈骗罪，有利于从源头上防范矛盾纠纷的发生，引导市场主体诚信守法经营。　　下一步，人民法院将充分发挥审判职能作用，不断完善特许经营案件裁判规则，助力营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。